D.Ed. Special Education HI Notes – Paper No 8, Unit I: Educational trends

Table of Contents

1.1. Evolution of education for children with hearing and speech disabilities

Evolution of Education for Children with Hearing and Speech Disabilities

The journey of education for children with hearing and speech disabilities is a long and evolving one. From being completely neglected in the early years to being included in mainstream education today, this journey reflects changes in society, awareness, science, and education systems. This evolution happened over different time periods and in different parts of the world, including India.

Early Times: Neglect and Misunderstanding

In ancient times, children with hearing and speech disabilities were often not given any form of education. Most societies believed that these children could not learn or be taught. They were excluded from all forms of formal learning.

In Ancient Greece and Rome, people with disabilities were seen as a burden on society. They were often hidden from public life or abandoned.
Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, wrongly believed that children who could not speak were not intelligent, because he thought speech was necessary for thinking.

There were no schools, teachers, or any methods designed to help these children learn. Their disabilities were seen as a curse or punishment. As a result, they were isolated from educational systems and denied the right to education.

16th to 17th Century: Beginning of Awareness

The 16th and 17th centuries saw the beginning of change. Some people began to believe that children with hearing and speech disabilities could learn if given the right support.

Pedro Ponce de León, a Spanish monk, is known as the first person to teach deaf children successfully. He used a mix of finger-spelling, lip reading, and writing.
In 1620, Juan Pablo Bonet, another Spaniard, published the first book on the education of the deaf. It included a manual alphabet (signs made using fingers).
In England, Dr. John Wallis taught a deaf boy using writing and lip reading in the mid-1600s.

These early efforts showed that hearing and speech disabilities do not mean a lack of intelligence. These educators proved that with special methods, deaf children could be taught reading, writing, and even speaking.

18th Century: Formal Education Begins

The 18th century marked the beginning of formal education for children with hearing and speech disabilities.

In France, Abbé Charles Michel de l’Épée opened the first public school for deaf children in 1760. He used sign language as the main method of teaching. He believed that deaf children had the right to education just like anyone else.
In Scotland, Thomas Braidwood opened a private school for the deaf that focused on oral methods—teaching children to speak and lip-read.

During this time, two teaching approaches started to emerge:

Manualism – Teaching through signs and gestures (sign language).
Oralism – Teaching through speech and lip-reading, without using signs.

The debate between these two methods became a central issue in deaf education for many years.

19th Century: Expansion of Deaf Education

The 19th century was a time of major growth in deaf education around the world.

In 1817, the first school for the deaf in the United States was established in Hartford, Connecticut, by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc, a deaf teacher from France.
This school used sign language, and many more schools for the deaf followed in the U.S. and other countries.
In India, the American Marathi Mission opened a school for the deaf in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1885, which was among the first schools for deaf children in the country.

However, there was a shift during this period. At the Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf held in Milan, Italy in 1880, educators voted to promote oralism and stop the use of sign language in schools. This decision had a long-lasting negative impact on sign language education.

As a result:

Many schools around the world, including in India, stopped using sign language.
Children were forced to learn to speak and lip-read, even if it was not effective for all.
Deaf teachers lost their jobs, and deaf culture was pushed aside.

This period shows how educational trends can sometimes ignore the needs of the learners, especially when based on wrong beliefs or pressure from dominant groups.

20th Century: Innovations and Legal Recognition

The 20th century brought new thinking, technology, and laws that changed deaf education once again.

Early 20th Century: Oralism Dominates

In the early part of the 20th century, most schools continued to follow the oral method.

Children were taught to lip-read and speak, often with the help of speech therapists.
Sign language was still discouraged in many schools.
Many deaf students found it hard to succeed because oral methods did not work for everyone.

Mid to Late 20th Century: New Approaches Emerge

With growing research and the voices of the deaf community becoming stronger, education started to include other approaches:

Total Communication (TC) became popular. This method used speech, lip reading, finger spelling, sign language, gestures, and writing—whatever worked best for the child.
Bilingual–Bicultural (Bi-Bi) Approach: This method treated sign language as the first language and spoken/written language as a second language. It respected deaf culture and identity.

Role of Technology

The use of technology helped improve communication and learning:

Hearing aids became more powerful and available to many children.
Speech therapy tools were introduced.
Closed captioning on TV and video content became common.
Video relay services and text messaging made communication easier.

Legal Support

Many countries made laws to support education for children with disabilities:

In the United States, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975) gave every child the right to free and appropriate education.
In India, the Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) Scheme (1974) began to include children with disabilities in regular schools.

These developments helped to create more inclusive educational environments.

21st Century: Inclusive Education and Modern Reforms

In the 21st century, the focus of education for children with hearing and speech disabilities has shifted towards inclusion, equality, and accessibility. The world has recognized that education is a fundamental right, and all children—including those with disabilities—must receive quality education in a suitable environment.

Inclusive Education in India

Inclusive education means that children with hearing and speech disabilities are taught alongside their peers in regular schools with the necessary support.

The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) launched in 2001 played a key role in promoting education for all children, including those with special needs.
Under SSA, children with hearing and speech disabilities were identified, assessed, and provided assistive devices, support services, and individualized education programs (IEPs).

Inclusive education promotes:

Participation of children with disabilities in regular school activities.
Use of sign language interpreters, note-takers, and speech therapists.
Modified teaching strategies to meet diverse learning needs.

This approach helps in breaking social barriers, improving confidence, and promoting equal opportunities.

Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPWD) 2016

One of the most important legal developments in India was the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016. This act replaced the 1995 Act and brought major changes:

Hearing impairment was clearly defined and included under the category of specified disabilities.
It recognized speech and language disability as a separate condition.
It ensured free education for children with benchmark disabilities (including hearing and speech) till the age of 18 years.
The Act made it mandatory for all schools—government and private—to make their campuses accessible to children with disabilities.

The RPWD Act also:

Emphasized inclusive education and reasonable accommodations.
Required schools to train teachers in special education and Indian Sign Language (ISL).
Promoted barrier-free access to educational materials, classrooms, and teaching-learning aids.

This law marked a strong shift from charity-based models to rights-based approaches in the education of children with disabilities.

National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

The NEP 2020 brought a modern and inclusive vision for Indian education. It gave importance to equity and inclusion for all learners, including those with hearing and speech disabilities.

Key features related to special education:

Focus on inclusive classrooms and flexible curricula.
Use of technology, digital content in Indian Sign Language, and assistive tools to support learning.
Encouragement for teacher training in inclusive practices and special needs education.
Promotion of Indian Sign Language (ISL) and development of ISL-based content for all subjects.

NEP 2020 aims to reduce dropout rates, especially among children with disabilities, by ensuring appropriate learning environments and support.

Role of Technology in Modern Deaf Education

Technology plays a major role in the modern education of children with hearing and speech disabilities. It bridges the communication gap and enables these children to access education in different ways.

Some major tools and innovations include:

Hearing aids and cochlear implants: Help children with hearing loss to receive sound input.
Speech-to-text software: Converts spoken words into written text in real-time.
Video-based learning in sign language: Helps children understand concepts through visual modes.
Interactive whiteboards, tablets, and captioned videos: Make learning more engaging and accessible.
Indian Sign Language (ISL) Dictionary and mobile apps: Developed by the Indian Sign Language Research and Training Centre (ISLRTC), these tools support learning and communication.

Role of Special Educators and Support Services

Special educators trained in hearing and speech disabilities play an essential role in inclusive and special schools.

They:

Use individualized teaching plans for each child.
Help in language development, speech training, and communication skills.
Provide emotional and behavioral support to children and their families.
Work alongside general educators to adapt the curriculum and teaching strategies.

Support services such as speech-language pathologists, audiologists, and sign language interpreters form a team that works together to ensure that the child receives comprehensive support.

Importance of Parent and Community Involvement

The success of any educational program depends not only on schools but also on families and communities.

Parents are now recognized as partners in education. They are trained and involved in goal setting and progress monitoring.
Awareness programs help remove stigma and create inclusive attitudes in society.
Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) programs support children in remote or rural areas.

The evolution of education for children with hearing and speech disabilities reflects a powerful transformation—from exclusion and ignorance to inclusion, empowerment, and respect. With continued efforts in law, policy, training, and technology, the goal of equal and quality education for all children is becoming more achievable.

1.2. Early identification and intervention- concept, need and importance

What is Early Identification and Intervention?

Early identification and intervention means detecting hearing or speech problems in children at an early age and starting proper support services as soon as possible. It is a planned process where professionals, parents, and teachers work together to help the child grow and learn.

In the case of children with hearing and speech disabilities, early identification usually happens in the first few months or years of life. The goal is to find out if the child has any hearing or speech problem and then give the right support like hearing aids, therapy, special education, or communication training. These supports are called intervention services.

Why is Early Identification Important?

1. Brain development is very fast in early years
From birth to 3 years, the brain grows very fast. This period is very important for learning to speak, listen, and understand language. If hearing problems are not found early, the child may miss the chance to learn naturally.

2. Helps in language and communication development
A child with hearing or speech disability needs support to learn how to talk or understand others. If support starts early, the child can learn language better and faster. This helps them to talk clearly, understand what others say, and express themselves easily.

3. Improves social and emotional development
If a child cannot hear or speak properly, they may feel lonely or left out. They may also have trouble making friends or joining in group activities. Early identification and support help them to mix with others, play with friends, and feel confident.

4. Makes schooling easier
Children who are identified early and get proper support are ready for school. They are able to sit in class, understand what the teacher says, and take part in learning activities like reading, writing, and speaking. This also reduces the need for special schools.

5. Supports parents and family
When a child is identified early, parents get time to understand their child’s needs. They learn how to help their child at home, use communication techniques, and give emotional support. They also become strong partners in their child’s learning journey.

6. Saves time, money, and resources
If the problem is identified late, the child may need more help later in life, which can be more costly. But early identification can reduce the need for long-term therapy or special education. It also helps the child grow up to be more independent.

How is Early Identification Done?

1. Newborn hearing screening
Hospitals now check the hearing ability of newborn babies before they go home. This is done using simple machines that do not cause pain and take just a few minutes. If there is a problem, the baby is tested again and sent for a detailed check-up.

2. Regular health check-ups
During visits to doctors for vaccinations or illness, doctors and nurses observe if the child is responding to sounds, speaking, or making eye contact. If not, they may refer the child for hearing tests.

3. Parent observations
Parents are often the first to notice problems. They may feel that their child is not talking like other children or does not respond when called. Such observations should be taken seriously and discussed with health workers.

4. Community and school screenings
Sometimes, health camps or school programs check children for hearing or speech problems. Teachers and community workers can also play an important role in identifying children who are facing difficulties.

What is Early Intervention?

Early intervention means providing special help and support to a child with hearing or speech disability after the problem is identified. This support begins as early as possible, usually in the first few months or years of life. It includes therapies, training, and the use of devices that help the child to hear, speak, and communicate better.

Early intervention is not just about giving treatment. It also means working with the child’s family and community to build a strong support system. The aim is to help the child grow in all areas—communication, learning, behavior, and social skills.

Key Components of Early Intervention for Hearing and Speech Disabilities

1. Use of hearing devices
Children with hearing loss may be given hearing aids, cochlear implants, or assistive listening devices. These tools help the child hear sounds more clearly. The earlier these devices are given, the better the child can learn to listen and speak.

2. Speech and language therapy
Trained therapists work with the child to improve speaking, listening, and understanding. Therapy is planned according to the child’s age, level of hearing loss, and communication needs. It may involve sound-making exercises, vocabulary building, and understanding speech patterns.

3. Auditory-verbal therapy (AVT)
This method focuses on helping the child to listen carefully and use hearing to understand spoken language. AVT is used with children who have hearing aids or cochlear implants. It encourages natural language development through listening.

4. Sign language training
For children with severe to profound hearing loss, sign language is a very useful mode of communication. It gives them a way to express themselves and understand others. Families and teachers are also trained in sign language to communicate better with the child.

5. Family counseling and training
Parents are the first teachers of a child. Early intervention programs train parents to support their child’s development at home. They learn how to talk, play, and interact in ways that help the child grow. Counseling also helps families deal with emotional stress and build confidence.

6. Special education services
If needed, the child may attend early childhood education programs that are designed for children with hearing or speech difficulties. These programs focus on communication skills, motor development, cognitive growth, and social interaction.

7. Multidisciplinary team support
Early intervention includes a team of experts such as audiologists, speech therapists, special educators, psychologists, and pediatricians. These professionals work together to create a personalized plan for the child.

Benefits of Early Identification and Intervention

Better communication skills
Children who receive help early can speak more clearly, understand better, and use language effectively. They can express their thoughts, needs, and emotions easily.

Increased chances of inclusion in regular schools
With improved listening and speaking abilities, many children can join mainstream schools and learn with their peers.

Improved academic performance
Early support helps in the development of reading, writing, and comprehension skills. This leads to better performance in school.

Greater independence and confidence
When children learn to communicate early, they feel more confident and are able to manage their daily activities with less help.

Stronger family relationships
Families become more connected when they learn how to communicate with the child. The child feels loved, understood, and supported.

1.3. Intervention strategies- Meaning, Types and role of multidisciplinary team

What are Intervention Strategies?

Intervention strategies are planned actions and specialized methods used to support the overall development of children with hearing and speech disabilities. These strategies are designed to help children improve their communication, language, speech, learning, and social skills.

The purpose of intervention strategies is to reduce the negative effects of hearing and speech loss and to promote the child’s ability to function independently in school and daily life. These strategies are based on the child’s individual needs, age, level of hearing loss, type of communication difficulty, and the environment they live in.

When intervention is started early and in a systematic way, it brings better results for the child’s overall growth. The strategies are implemented by a team of professionals, including teachers, speech therapists, audiologists, parents, and medical experts.

Why are Intervention Strategies Important for Children with Hearing and Speech Disabilities?

Children with hearing and speech disabilities often have difficulty in understanding spoken language, expressing themselves, and learning in a regular classroom. Without proper support, they may fall behind in academic performance, social interaction, and emotional development.

Here are the main reasons why intervention strategies are necessary:

To support speech and language development from an early age
To improve listening and communication using hearing aids or visual methods
To ensure inclusion of children in mainstream schools and activities
To build self-confidence and independence in communication
To involve parents and caregivers in the learning process
To enhance academic performance and reduce learning gaps
To develop social and emotional well-being

Intervention is most effective when started during early childhood, but it is also helpful at later stages when the child receives continuous and appropriate support.

Main Objectives of Intervention Strategies

To provide personalized support based on the child’s hearing and speech needs
To encourage the use of residual hearing or visual modes of communication
To build functional communication skills in real-life situations
To create a positive learning environment both at home and school
To ensure the active participation of parents, teachers, and professionals

Types of Intervention Strategies

There is no single method that works for all children with hearing and speech disabilities. That is why different types of intervention strategies are used. These strategies are selected based on the child’s individual abilities, the resources available, and the goals of therapy or education.

Let us now understand the various types of intervention strategies in detail:

1. Auditory-Verbal Therapy (AVT)

Auditory-Verbal Therapy helps children with hearing loss learn to listen and speak using their residual hearing. It is most effective when used along with hearing aids or cochlear implants.

Key features:

Focus is on developing spoken language
Children are trained to use listening skills instead of relying on sign language or lip-reading
Parents are trained to support the therapy at home
Sessions are conducted regularly by a certified auditory-verbal therapist

This method is effective for children who are diagnosed early and have access to amplification devices such as hearing aids or cochlear implants.

2. Total Communication (TC)

Total Communication is a flexible method where all forms of communication are used to help the child understand and express language. It includes:

Spoken language
Sign language
Lip reading
Finger spelling
Facial expressions
Gestures
Visual aids (pictures, flashcards, etc.)

Benefits:

Allows the child to use any combination of communication modes
Reduces frustration by giving multiple ways to express thoughts
Suitable for children with varying degrees of hearing loss

This strategy respects the child’s individual communication preference and gives freedom to switch between methods.

3. Bilingual-Bicultural (Bi-Bi) Approach

In this method, the child learns two languages and becomes part of two cultures:

Sign language is taught as the first language
The spoken/written language (like English or Hindi) is taught as a second language

Important points:

Focus is on fluency in sign language for effective communication
The child also learns to read and write in the regional or national language
Promotes Deaf culture and identity along with academic growth

This approach is best for children who are profoundly deaf and have limited benefit from hearing aids or implants.

4. Speech and Language Therapy

Speech therapy helps children to improve their speech clarity, language structure, and communication skills. A Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) works with the child to develop both expressive and receptive language.

Therapy includes:

Articulation exercises for proper pronunciation
Vocabulary building activities
Sentence formation and grammar practice
Use of toys, games, and visual materials for young children

Speech therapy is tailored to the child’s age, language level, and type of speech difficulty.

5. Auditory Training

Auditory training helps children with hearing loss to recognize, understand, and respond to sounds. It is done with the help of hearing aids or cochlear implants.

Stages of auditory training:

Detection – Becoming aware of sounds
Discrimination – Identifying differences between sounds
Identification – Recognizing specific sounds or words
Comprehension – Understanding spoken language

Auditory training is essential for children who are learning to communicate through listening.

6. Family and Parent-Based Intervention

In this strategy, parents and family members play an active role in the child’s development.

Key activities:

Parents are trained to use communication techniques during daily routines
Home environment is used as a natural learning space
Family members are encouraged to interact in a positive and supportive manner

Benefits:

Builds a strong emotional bond between the child and family
Helps in consistent use of strategies at home and school
Increases child’s comfort and confidence

This approach recognizes that parents are the first teachers of the child.

7. Educational Intervention

Educational intervention includes classroom teaching strategies and academic support to help the child succeed in school.

Classroom adaptations may include:

Using visual aids, pictures, and real objects
Giving short and clear instructions
Placing the child near the teacher or blackboard
Using captioned videos and written materials
Encouraging peer interaction and group learning

Special educators work closely with general teachers to ensure inclusive learning.

8. Use of Technology in Intervention

Technology is a powerful tool in modern intervention programs.

Devices and tools include:

Hearing aids and cochlear implants
FM systems for better listening in classrooms
Speech-generating devices for non-verbal communication
Educational apps and games to build language and academic skills
Video calling and relay services for remote communication

Technology helps children with hearing and speech disabilities to connect, learn, and grow.

Role of Multidisciplinary Team in Intervention for Children with Hearing and Speech Disabilities

Children with hearing and speech disabilities need support in many areas of development, including speech, language, emotional well-being, education, social skills, and medical care. No single person can address all these needs. That is why a multidisciplinary team is essential for planning and implementing effective intervention strategies.

A multidisciplinary team is a group of trained professionals from different fields who work together to assess, plan, and deliver the best possible care and support to the child. Each member of the team contributes their knowledge and skills to create a personalized intervention program.

Key Objectives of the Multidisciplinary Team

To assess the child’s overall strengths and challenges
To set realistic, measurable goals based on the child’s needs
To provide coordinated services and support to the child and family
To ensure that interventions are consistent across different settings (home, school, therapy center)
To monitor progress and make adjustments when needed

Working as a team ensures that the child receives holistic care that addresses all aspects of development.

Main Members of the Multidisciplinary Team and Their Roles

Below are the professionals who usually form part of the team for children with hearing and speech disabilities:

Audiologist

Conducts detailed hearing assessments
Identifies the type and level of hearing loss
Recommends, fits, and adjusts hearing aids or cochlear implants
Provides auditory training sessions
Monitors the effectiveness of hearing devices

The audiologist ensures that the child receives maximum benefit from amplification and learns to use it effectively.

Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP)

Evaluates the child’s speech, language, and communication abilities
Designs and conducts speech and language therapy
Works on both expressive and receptive language
Trains parents to continue therapy activities at home
Helps the child to communicate clearly and confidently

The SLP plays a central role in improving communication, which is the foundation of learning and social interaction.

Special Educator (Hearing Impairment)

Conducts academic assessments to understand the child’s learning needs
Designs Individualized Education Plans (IEPs)
Uses specialized teaching methods and materials
Provides academic support in language, math, and other subjects
Supports inclusion by working with general teachers in mainstream schools

The special educator helps the child succeed in academics while using adaptations suited to their needs.

ENT Specialist (Ear, Nose, and Throat Doctor)

Diagnoses medical causes of hearing loss
Treats ear infections, allergies, or structural problems
Performs surgeries like cochlear implant placement
Works closely with audiologists and other team members

The ENT specialist provides the medical foundation for hearing-related intervention.

Clinical or Educational Psychologist

Evaluates the child’s cognitive, emotional, and behavioral status
Helps in managing behavioral issues like attention problems or anxiety
Supports the child’s mental well-being and confidence
Offers counseling services to both child and family
Assists the team in understanding the child’s psychological needs

Psychological support is important for building positive self-image and adjusting to challenges.

Social Worker

Connects the family with community resources and support systems
Educates families about government schemes, disability certificates, and concessions
Conducts home visits to understand the child’s living conditions
Helps the family in advocacy and awareness
Promotes inclusive participation of the child in society

The social worker plays a vital role in ensuring that the family is informed and empowered.

Occupational Therapist (OT) – if needed

Helps children improve their fine motor skills (e.g., writing, dressing)
Assists in developing daily living skills (e.g., eating, grooming)
Works on sensory processing and body coordination
Supports overall independence in everyday tasks

The OT enhances the child’s ability to function independently in school and home.

General Education Teacher

Works with the special educator to include the child in the mainstream classroom
Adopts inclusive teaching methods
Uses visual aids, repetition, and clear instructions
Supports social interaction with peers
Regularly communicates with the multidisciplinary team

The general teacher is crucial for the child’s academic inclusion and peer interaction.

Parents and Family Members

Participate actively in goal-setting and intervention planning
Carry out therapy exercises and learning activities at home
Offer emotional support and encouragement
Monitor the child’s day-to-day progress
Work closely with professionals for consistency and continuity

Family involvement is a key success factor in any intervention plan.

Importance of Teamwork and Coordination

Teamwork ensures that the child’s needs are met in a comprehensive and well-rounded manner. The professionals communicate regularly, share progress reports, and make decisions together. This reduces confusion, avoids duplication of efforts, and ensures that all aspects of the child’s growth are addressed.

Key benefits of coordinated teamwork:

Better understanding of the child’s strengths and weaknesses
Faster progress through consistent strategies
Support for the family in managing home and school challenges
Flexible planning based on real-time feedback
Smooth transition across therapy, school, and daily life

A well-functioning multidisciplinary team creates a supportive circle around the child, ensuring success in every area of life.

1.4. Educational requirements of children with hearing and speech disabilities

Introduction
Children with hearing and speech disabilities are those who face challenges in hearing sounds, understanding speech, speaking clearly, or communicating effectively. These challenges can affect their ability to learn in a regular classroom setting. Their educational needs are different from children without disabilities, and these needs must be addressed through special support, teaching strategies, and communication methods.

Providing the right educational environment and support system helps these children develop language, communication, social, emotional, and academic skills. Their learning journey requires early identification, proper intervention, individualized instruction, and inclusive teaching practices. Understanding their specific educational requirements is very important for teachers, parents, and caregivers to help them grow into independent and confident individuals.

Who are Children with Hearing and Speech Disabilities?
Children with hearing and speech disabilities may have one or more of the following conditions:

Hearing Impairment: Partial or complete inability to hear sounds. It may be:
- Mild, moderate, severe, or profound hearing loss.
- Unilateral (in one ear) or bilateral (in both ears).
Speech Disability: Difficulty in producing speech sounds correctly, fluently, or clearly.
- Includes stammering, articulation disorders, and voice problems.

These disabilities may be present from birth or may occur later due to illness, injury, or infection. The age of onset, type, and severity of the disability influence the child’s ability to acquire language and communication skills.

Why Do These Children Need Special Educational Support?
Children with hearing and speech disabilities face many learning difficulties in regular classrooms. Some of these include:

Difficulty understanding what the teacher is saying.
Delay in learning language and vocabulary.
Problems in reading and writing due to limited language exposure.
Trouble interacting with peers, leading to social isolation.
Low confidence due to communication barriers.

To overcome these difficulties, such children need specially planned educational strategies. These strategies must focus on communication, language development, use of assistive devices, teaching-learning materials, and emotional support.

Key Educational Requirements of Children with Hearing and Speech Disabilities

1. Early Identification and Diagnosis

Early detection of hearing or speech problems is the first and most important step.
Screening must be done at birth or as early as possible.
Tests such as OAE (Otoacoustic Emissions) and BERA (Brainstem Evoked Response Audiometry) help in identifying hearing loss.
Speech assessments are conducted by speech-language pathologists.

Why Early Identification is Important?

The first 5 years of life are critical for language development.
Children identified early can receive early intervention services like speech therapy, hearing aids, or cochlear implants.
Early support helps them develop better language, speech, and communication skills.

2. Early Intervention Services
Early intervention means providing special services to children from birth to 6 years of age. These services include:

Speech and Language Therapy: To improve communication skills.
Auditory Training: To help children listen and make use of residual hearing.
Family Counseling: To help parents support their child’s development.
Use of Hearing Devices: Such as hearing aids or cochlear implants.

These services must be child-centered, family-based, and involve regular monitoring and progress evaluation.

3. Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Each child with a hearing or speech disability has different learning needs. An Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is a written document that:

Sets learning goals for the child.
Lists the services and support the child will receive.
Mentions the teaching strategies and communication methods to be used.
Is developed by a team that includes special educators, therapists, parents, and sometimes the child.

Benefits of IEP

Helps in planning teaching based on the child’s strengths and needs.
Monitors progress and makes changes as needed.
Ensures collaboration between teachers, parents, and professionals.

4. Communication Approaches for Learning
Effective communication is the base of all learning. Different children may need different communication methods. These include:

a. Oral/Aural Approach

Uses spoken language and listening skills.
Focuses on speech training, lip reading, and use of hearing aids.
Suitable for children with some residual hearing.

b. Sign Language Approach

Uses visual-gestural language for communication.
Examples: Indian Sign Language (ISL), American Sign Language (ASL).
Helps children who are deaf to develop full language skills visually.

c. Total Communication (TC)

Combines oral speech, sign language, gestures, lip reading, and writing.
Gives the child freedom to use any mode of communication.

d. Bilingual-Bicultural (Bi-Bi) Approach

Teaches sign language as the first language.
Teaches reading and writing of the spoken language as the second.
Promotes cultural identity and full language development.

5. Use of Assistive and Educational Technology
Technology plays a big role in helping children with hearing and speech disabilities. Some helpful tools include:

Hearing Aids: Devices that amplify sound for children with hearing loss.
Cochlear Implants: Surgically implanted devices for children with severe hearing loss.
FM Systems: Wireless systems used in classrooms to reduce background noise.
Speech-to-Text Apps: Convert spoken language into written text.
Video Subtitles and Captions: Help children understand audio content.

These tools help children participate actively in classroom activities and learn better.

6. Adapted Curriculum and Teaching Strategies
Children with hearing and speech disabilities often require changes in the regular curriculum and teaching methods. These adaptations make it easier for them to understand and participate in learning activities.

Key Strategies for Curriculum Adaptation

Use of Visual Aids: Pictures, charts, diagrams, videos, and gestures to support understanding.
Simplified Language: Using short, clear, and simple sentences to explain concepts.
Hands-on Learning: Activities like role play, models, experiments, and drawing help make learning real and meaningful.
Interactive Methods: Group activities, peer learning, and games encourage participation and communication.
Use of Real-Life Contexts: Teaching through real-life examples makes it easier for children to relate to the content.

Content Modification Techniques

Remove unnecessary words or complex language.
Highlight key points visually.
Break long lessons into smaller, manageable parts.
Provide extra time for understanding and expression.

7. Role of Teaching-Learning Materials (TLMs)
Well-designed TLMs are essential for teaching children with hearing and speech disabilities. These materials should be:

Visually Rich: Include images, color codes, symbols, and sign illustrations.
Interactive: Should allow the child to touch, feel, and manipulate objects.
Culturally Appropriate: Related to the child’s environment and background.
Language Supportive: Should support both language and concept development.

Examples of TLMs:

Flashcards with pictures and signs.
Charts showing common signs or vocabulary.
Storybooks with large print and sign illustrations.
Videos with subtitles and visual cues.
Communication boards and picture exchange systems (PECS).

8. Classroom Environment and Modifications
A well-planned classroom environment supports learning for children with hearing and speech disabilities.

Key Modifications to be Made

Seating Arrangement: Children should sit where they can clearly see the teacher’s face and lips.
Noise Control: Use carpets, curtains, and wall boards to reduce background noise.
Lighting: The classroom should be well-lit to support lip-reading and sign language.
Visual Instructions: Use visual timetables, task lists, and classroom rules.
Safety Signals: Visual alarms or flashing lights in case of emergencies.

9. Importance of Language Development
Language is the base for learning, thinking, and social interaction. For children with hearing and speech disabilities:

Language development must begin early.
Communication must happen consistently at home and school.
All learning should promote vocabulary building and sentence formation.

How to Promote Language Development

Talk to the child clearly and regularly, using gestures or signs.
Label objects and actions during activities.
Repeat words and sentences to build memory.
Encourage storytelling, picture description, and role plays.

10. Role of Trained Teachers and Professionals
Teachers of children with hearing and speech disabilities must have special training. They should:

Know how to use sign language or communication systems.
Be able to use hearing aids and assistive devices.
Know how to adapt curriculum and materials.
Be skilled in teaching communication, language, and speech.

Team of Professionals Involved

Special Educators: Teach academic and life skills.
Speech-Language Pathologists: Improve speech and language development.
Audiologists: Provide hearing tests and assistive devices.
Counselors/Psychologists: Help with emotional, social, and behavioral issues.

11. Inclusive Education and Mainstreaming
Children with hearing and speech disabilities have the right to study in regular schools along with their peers. This is possible through inclusive education.

Elements of Inclusive Education

Presence of resource teachers or special educators.
Use of interpreters or note-takers if required.
Modified curriculum and assessments.
Sensitization of all teachers and students.
Participation in co-curricular and social activities.

Benefits of Inclusive Education

Improves social interaction and self-confidence.
Reduces discrimination and builds respect.
Prepares the child for real-world situations.
Encourages learning through peer support.

12. Support Services and Family Involvement
Support services help the child learn better and live independently. These include:

Speech and language therapy.
Regular audiological checkups.
Behavioral support if needed.
Occupational therapy for children with multiple disabilities.

Family plays a key role in the child’s education. Parents must:

Learn basic communication techniques like signs or gestures.
Attend training and counseling sessions.
Participate in IEP meetings and school activities.
Provide emotional support and encouragement.

Final Notes
The educational requirements of children with hearing and speech disabilities are multi-dimensional. They need early intervention, individualized planning, supportive communication strategies, inclusive practices, and involvement of trained professionals and family. A caring, adaptive, and language-rich educational environment ensures that these children can thrive, learn, and become productive members of society.

1.5. Need and importance of school readiness

School readiness means how well a child is prepared to start formal education in a school environment. It includes physical, mental, emotional, social, and language development. For children with hearing and speech disabilities, school readiness is very important because these children may have challenges in communication, listening, and expressing themselves.

School readiness helps children with hearing and speech disabilities to adjust smoothly in school, understand what is being taught, interact with others, and become independent in their daily activities. It forms the base for their learning and overall development.

What is School Readiness?
School readiness is the stage where a child is ready to enter school and participate actively in learning. It means the child:

Can understand and follow basic instructions
Is physically healthy and active
Has basic communication skills (spoken, signed, or gestured)
Can manage their emotions and behavior
Can interact with other children and teachers

For children with hearing and speech disabilities, school readiness also means they are prepared with special communication methods like sign language, speech reading, or assistive devices like hearing aids.

Key Areas of School Readiness

Physical readiness
- Good health and energy to take part in classroom activities
- Fine motor skills like holding a pencil, using scissors, etc.
- Gross motor skills like walking, jumping, climbing stairs
Cognitive readiness
- Ability to think, reason, remember, and solve simple problems
- Understanding basic concepts like size, shape, color, and number
Language and communication readiness
- Ability to express needs, ask questions, and understand others
- Use of sign language, gestures, speech, or communication aids
Social and emotional readiness
- Ability to work and play with others
- Understanding rules, waiting for their turn, sharing, etc.
- Managing emotions like anger, sadness, and excitement
Self-help readiness
- Independence in eating, dressing, toileting, and using school materials

Need for School Readiness in Children with Hearing and Speech Disabilities

1. To develop communication skills
Children with hearing and speech disabilities often face delays in language development. School readiness helps improve their ability to communicate with others using different modes such as:

Sign language
Picture cards
Lip reading
Basic speech
Assistive technology like hearing aids and FM systems

Good communication is the foundation for learning, and school readiness programs give extra support in this area.

2. To reduce fear and anxiety in new environments
When children with hearing and speech disabilities enter a school for the first time, they may feel scared or confused due to unfamiliar surroundings and communication challenges. School readiness helps them become familiar with the school routine, people, and environment so that they feel safe and confident.

3. To prepare for academic learning
Children must have basic skills before they start learning subjects like language, math, and science. Readiness programs help children build these pre-academic skills such as:

Recognizing letters and numbers
Understanding classroom behavior (sit, listen, raise hand)
Following visual and verbal instructions

4. To improve social interaction
Children with hearing and speech disabilities may find it difficult to play or talk with other children. School readiness teaches them how to make friends, share things, take turns, and respect others. This builds a sense of belonging and reduces isolation.

5. To support emotional development
Children who cannot express themselves clearly may feel angry or frustrated. Readiness programs help children to express their feelings through alternative communication and learn how to control emotions in a positive way.

6. To promote independence
Being school-ready means the child can do many things without constant help. For example:

Managing their own school bag and lunch box
Using the toilet
Asking for help if needed
Following daily classroom routine

7. To ensure inclusive participation
In today’s education system, many children with hearing and speech disabilities attend inclusive schools. School readiness helps these children take part equally with their peers. They learn how to:

Communicate with teachers and classmates
Participate in group activities
Follow class instructions
Join play and learning tasks with other children

Without readiness, they may feel left out or unable to cope with the school environment.

8. To support teachers in effective planning
If a child is school-ready, teachers can better understand their needs and plan lessons accordingly. For example:

Teachers can prepare visual aids or sign-supported instructions
They can plan group work that includes the child meaningfully
They can track the child’s progress from a strong foundation

This leads to better teaching and better learning outcomes.

9. To avoid academic failure and dropout
Children who are not ready for school may:

Struggle with understanding lessons
Show behavioral problems
Feel stressed or isolated
Eventually drop out of school

Proper school readiness helps children start their educational journey positively. It improves their chances of success in academics and staying in school.

10. To detect and manage additional needs early
During school readiness programs, professionals like special educators, speech therapists, and psychologists can observe the child closely. They can identify:

Additional disabilities (like intellectual delay, autism, etc.)
Emotional or behavioral challenges
Need for assistive devices or therapies

Early identification leads to timely intervention, which is very important for the child’s development.

11. To prepare families for educational support
School readiness is not only about the child. It also involves preparing the family. Parents learn how to:

Support learning at home
Use communication strategies (like signs or visual aids)
Work with teachers and therapists
Build a routine that matches school timing and activities

Family involvement increases the success of the child in school.

12. To lay the foundation for lifelong learning
Readiness for school builds habits and skills that remain useful throughout life, such as:

Paying attention and completing tasks
Communicating needs and thoughts
Working in a group and solving problems
Taking responsibility for personal care and belongings

These qualities help children become confident, responsible, and successful in later stages of education and life.

13. To support use of assistive technology and tools
Children with hearing and speech disabilities often need:

Hearing aids
Cochlear implants
FM systems
Picture exchange systems
Speech-generating devices

School readiness helps them become comfortable with these tools. They learn how to use them during learning and communication. This increases their participation and understanding in school.

14. To create a strong start for inclusive education goals
The Right to Education Act (RTE) and policies like the RPWD Act, 2016 promote inclusive education for all children, including those with disabilities. But inclusion is successful only when children are ready to learn and participate. Readiness programs play a key role in fulfilling the goals of inclusive and equitable education.

15. To build a bridge between early intervention and formal schooling
Many children with hearing and speech disabilities receive early intervention services in their early years. School readiness acts as a bridge between early intervention and primary school. It ensures that the transition from home-based or therapy-based support to a structured school setting is smooth and stress-free.

This bridge includes:

Transferring important information from therapists to teachers
Preparing the child for group settings
Ensuring continued use of communication methods already introduced
Gradually increasing learning time and focus span

16. To strengthen behavior management and discipline
Children entering school are expected to follow rules, behave in a socially acceptable manner, and work within group settings. School readiness helps children with hearing and speech disabilities to:

Learn basic discipline like sitting quietly, waiting for their turn, etc.
Understand classroom rules through visual schedules and role plays
Learn positive behaviors using reinforcement and modeling

This reduces disruptive behavior and improves classroom harmony.

17. To help in the identification of suitable educational placement
Not every child with hearing and speech disability has the same level of needs. Some children may benefit more from inclusive classrooms, while others may need resource rooms or special schools. A school readiness assessment helps professionals and parents to:

Understand the child’s strengths and needs
Choose the right kind of school setting
Plan Individualized Education Programmes (IEPs) effectively

18. To encourage learning through play and exploration
School readiness focuses on play-based learning rather than only academic drills. This is very helpful for children with hearing and speech disabilities as:

Play allows natural use of communication
Children learn social rules through games
Learning becomes joyful and meaningful
Visual and tactile materials can be used to teach concepts

This form of learning builds curiosity, motivation, and love for school.

19. To reduce the learning gap
Children with hearing and speech disabilities may start school with a learning delay due to limited exposure to language and communication. School readiness programs help to minimize this gap by:

Giving early exposure to concepts and vocabulary
Creating routine communication practice
Helping them catch up before formal schooling begins

Reducing the gap early ensures they don’t fall behind their peers later.

20. To promote equity and dignity
School readiness is a matter of right and dignity for children with disabilities. By preparing them to enter school confidently, we are:

Respecting their right to education
Giving them equal opportunities
Empowering them to learn and grow like any other child

It reflects the principles of inclusive education, human rights, and respect for diversity.

Disclaimer:
The information provided here is for general knowledge only. The author strives for accuracy but is not responsible for any errors or consequences resulting from its use.

D.ED. HI SECOND YEAR NOTES PAPER NO 8 EDUCATION OF CHILDREN WITH HEARING AND SPEECH DISABILITIES

D.Ed. Special Education HI Notes (D.ED. HI NOTES) – Paper No 8, Unit I: Educational trends